1849 – California Constitution, Article 2, Section 1: New Mexico Organic Law Act, Section 6 (1850): Organic Act of Arizona Constitution (1863). All states formally restrict citizenship to whites. Mexicans were prohibited from obtaining citizenship.
1850 – Spain opened public schools in Puerto Rico for children who cannot afford the fees charges by private schools. They are immediately filled to overcapacity.
1868 – Fourteen Amendment to US Constitution creates a uniform citizenship law, granting all citizens the enjoyment of all rights, including the right to vote. It rescinds the rights of states to establish citizenship eligibility. However, Mexican Americans are specifically excluded from its protection.
1880 – The Indian Bureau issues regulations that’s “all instruction must be in English” in both religious and government schools under threat of loss of government funding.
1885 – J. D. C. Atkins, Commissioner of Indian Affairs, states that the language of Indians and Mexicans are a :barbarous dialect” and that “to teach Indian and Mexican school children their native tongue is practically to exclude English, and to prevent them from acquiring it.”
1880 – The Indian Bureau issues regulations that’s “all instruction must be in English” in both religious and government schools under threat of loss of government funding.
1885 – J. D. C. Atkins, Commissioner of Indian Affairs, states that the language of Indians and Mexicans are a :barbarous dialect” and that “to teach Indian and Mexican school children their native tongue is practically to exclude English, and to prevent them from acquiring it.”
1896 – Plessy v. Ferguson - Upholds an 1890 Louisiana law requiring railroads to provide “equal but separate accommodations for the white, and colored races.” It thereby sanctions state-imposed segregation.
1897 – United States v. Wong Kim Ark – Rules that all US born individuals shall be accorded full rights as citizens – with the explicit exception of Indians and Mexicans.
1898 – Rules for all schools: “All instruction shall be in the English language. Pupils shall be required to converse with employees and each other in English. All school employees must be able to speak English.
1897 – United States v. Wong Kim Ark – Rules that all US born individuals shall be accorded full rights as citizens – with the explicit exception of Indians and Mexicans.
1898 – Rules for all schools: “All instruction shall be in the English language. Pupils shall be required to converse with employees and each other in English. All school employees must be able to speak English.