Late 1940s-mid 1950s – Massive migration, particularly of rural poor and working classes, from Puerto Rico to new York City. Seventy-five percent of children do not speak English. New York and new Jersey schools with high proportions of Puerto Ricans are severely overcrowded, with spilt sessions and few special classes. Q STRICT English-only curriculum is enforced.
1946 – Mendez v. Westminster – Rules that segregation is illegal. Federal court decision finds that segregating children serves no educational purpose.
1946 – Mendez v. Westminster – Rules that segregation is illegal. Federal court decision finds that segregating children serves no educational purpose.
1948 – Delgado et al. v. Bastrop Independent School District – The Supreme Court rules that segregation of Mexican American students is discriminatory and illegal because it violates the students’ Fourteenth Amendment rights.
1940-early 1960s – To alleviate teacher shortages, US schools recruit Puerto Rican teachers from the island. However, those who speak English with a Spanish accent cannot become “licensed” and can only be “substitute teachers” in other words, nonpermanent positions.
1940-early 1960s – To alleviate teacher shortages, US schools recruit Puerto Rican teachers from the island. However, those who speak English with a Spanish accent cannot become “licensed” and can only be “substitute teachers” in other words, nonpermanent positions.
1954 – Brown v. Board of Education – Unanimously declares that segregating elementary and secondary students by race violates children’s constitutional rights to equal protection of the law.
1963 – The first Speaking-speaking substitute teacher receives a mainland teaching license.
1964 – The Civil Rights Act – Prohibits discrimination based on race, sex, religion or origin.
1963 – The first Speaking-speaking substitute teacher receives a mainland teaching license.
1964 – The Civil Rights Act – Prohibits discrimination based on race, sex, religion or origin.
1968 – Title VII of the Elementary and Secondary Education Act – This legislation, commonly called the Bilingual Education Act, heralds a limited change in the way language-minority children are taught in the United States. It recognized their needs, promotes greater access to the curriculum, trains educators in the skills they need (such as ESL and bilingual education) and fosters achievement among language minority students. Many opponents, who believe that bilingualism has no place in the US public education, contest it.
1973 – San Antonio Independent School District v. Rodriquez – The Supreme Court rules that education is not a fundamental constitutional right. Hence school funding systems that are based on local property taxes enabling wealthier districts to provide more funds per student do not violate that Fourteenth Amendment.
1974 – Lau v Nichols – The US Supreme Court rules that when children arrive in school with little or no knowledge of English, the use of English-only instruction in their education is a violation of their civil rights.
1973 – San Antonio Independent School District v. Rodriquez – The Supreme Court rules that education is not a fundamental constitutional right. Hence school funding systems that are based on local property taxes enabling wealthier districts to provide more funds per student do not violate that Fourteenth Amendment.
1974 – Lau v Nichols – The US Supreme Court rules that when children arrive in school with little or no knowledge of English, the use of English-only instruction in their education is a violation of their civil rights.